A Critique of Thomas B. Stoddard’s Gay Marriages Make...

Thomas B. Stoddard’s â€Å"Gay Marriages: Make Them Legal† is a successfully written argument with some minor flaws in technique. Stoddard uses this article to present his major claim, or central thesis, on the reasons gay marriage should be legalized. He presents his argument using minor claims. In a lecture on February 2, 2005, James McFadden stated a minor claim is the secondary claim in an argument. Stoddard uses minor claims in his discussion of homosexual people being denied their rights by the government and by others who discriminate against them. He also discusses how love and the desire for commitment play a big part in the argument for and against gay marriage. Stoddard begins his argument successfully with pathos, or†¦show more content†¦He is trying to make the reader aware of the privileges and rights denied to homosexual couples. He is hoping his reader will listen when money talks. Stoddard uses another great method of supporting a minor claim by using an authoritative testimony. Stoddard includes a quotation from the Supreme Court, an authority, to make the grounds for his minor claim stronger (Barnet Bedau, 2005, p. 84). With this support he argues the government should not control gay marriage by giving an example of a court case ruled in favor of interracial marriages. The Supreme Court ruled in this 1967 case that the laws prohibiting interracial marriage were simply being used â€Å"to maintain white supremacy† (Stoddard, 1988, p. 552). Through this judgment from an authority, Stoddard is trying to appeal to our need for the law to require equal treatment among all. He wants us to realize that people opposi ng gay marriage are letting their prejudices get in the way of the law and rights of others. Stoddard then moves onto his next claim that â€Å"marriage creates families and promotes social stability† (Stoddard, 1988, p.552). He successfully builds on this claim by explaining that anyone who has the strong desire to commit in a relationship should be supported because the world is lacking people of this sort (Stoddard, 1988, p. 552). Stoddard uses warrants in support of this minor claim.

Clarence Thomas is just the second African American...

Clarence Thomas is just the second African American justice to serve on the Supreme Court. Until the very recent confirmations of both Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Alito, for the past twenty-five plus years, Thomas had been the last conservative to be named to the current court, which is the complete opposite of his predecessor Justice Thurgood Marshall. Thomas’ confirmation hearings have gone down in history as those containing the most drama. His hearings would produce such intense arguments over race and gender. Thomas is one of the most publicly criticized justices in the history of the Supreme Court. The primary reason for that is the uncommon connection between his views and the color of his skin. Many black and white†¦show more content†¦Thomas believed that blacks were defeating the purpose that they had worked so hard in the past decades to gain. By self-segregating blacks were turning away from the real world. And so, rather than separating himself fro m the Black Student Union and their personal corridor, he made a compromise by deciding to live in the corridor, with his white roommate. (Thomas 117, Foskett 99-102) †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Thomas was involved in the political scene at a very early age. After just two short years in Washington, Thomas began working in President Reagan’s administration. Thomas was a rarity in Washington. In the Washington Post Thomas was introduced to the public. The article read, â€Å"He is one of the black people now on center stage in American politics: he is a republican, a long-time supporter of Ronald Reagan, opposed to the minimum wage law, rent control, busing and affirmative action.† (Foskett 152) †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨For eight-years Thomas served on the Equal Employment Opportunity Committee under Ronald Reagan. (Foskett 161-2) †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨On June 30, 1991 President Bush nominated Thomas to the Supreme Court. Similar to all nominees Thomas was sure to be asked many difficult and personal q uestions. And being a black conservative, and to many liberals and democrats, viewed as a traitor, passing his confirmation hearings and gaining approval from the senate would be no easy task. If that weren’t enough, Anita Hill made matters far more difficult when she accused Thomas of sexual harassment, tenShow MoreRelatedClarence Thomas: His Life And The Hearings That Defined It Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesLife and Background Clarence Thomas is just the second African American justice to serve on the Supreme Court. His confirmation margin of fifty-two to forty-eight is the smallest margin in history. Until the very recent confirmations of both Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Alito, for the past twenty-five plus years, Thomas had been the last conservative to be named to the current court. Thomas’ confirmation hearings have gone down in history as those containing the most drama. 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Fundamentals of Managerial Economics Learning

Question: Discuss about the Fundamentals of Managerial Economics Learning. Answer: Introduction: In this report an adamantine study has been prepared on the cost and profit structure of Food master Pasta product line. Cost and profit structure of Food master Pasta product line reflects that there is decrease of $ .30 it the retail price of foods which has resulted into increase of 50% in overall turnover of the Food master Pasta product line. In addition to this, net profit of company will also increased by 90% due to less price and increase turnover. In the proposed plan it is observed that the cost per unit of Food master Pasta product line has increased by .84 % which shows that company had made more investment in its fixed assets which resulted into high level of increment in overall cost of capital. After observing the budgeted plan of Food master Pasta product line, it is observed that company has increased its overall fixed cost. In addition to this, it is evaluated that company has failed to increase its total turnover and decreased its total sales by 50%. Total cost of company has also increased by .84% which is not good indicator for the business functioning of organization. References Healy, P.M. Palepu, K.G. (2012).Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Hirschey, M. 2008.Fundamentals of Managerial Economics.9thed. Mason: Cengage Learning.

Subliminal Influence In Advertising Essay Example For Students

Subliminal Influence In Advertising Essay Subliminal advertising: A collective term for public announcements designed to promote the sale of specific commodities or services while being integrated below the threshold of perception or awareness. To sell products, merchants consciously use subliminal advertising as a basis for general consumerism. This seems like an unnecessary task, but when taken into consideration all the people, who have expressed their disbelief in its effectiveness, it is obvious to see how vital and necessary such a task commands. Through this, corporations must take on new strategies and methods of persuasion and justification. The importance is that advertisers rely on a trust relationship with consumers in order to successfully subliminally sell products. In other words, those who dont believe in subliminal advertising, are its likely victims. The effect of subliminal advertising on the individual and the culture has been influenced and promoted by many different elements. Let it be magazines, newspapers or radio; but the most prominent in this field is television. Television advertising influences the choices we make, perhaps more so than anyone cares to believe. It may not be so obvious, but even teachers face competition with advertising. Television stations, for example, have some four billion dollars a year from industry to spend on programming for the same students that teachers face. Nicholas Johnson, a former Federal Communications Commission Commissioner from 1966 to 1973 writes that television is diametrically opposed to almost everything a teacher tries to do: TV tells them that the only thing necessary to give them all the joys in life and the values that are important is the acquisition of yet another product. TV is telling them to sit still and dont think. TV is telling them that they are to be treated as a mass. He writes that it is extremely important to understand this force in our society if a teacher is to deal with it. He writes the most important thing to know is that advertising is a business. Johnson continues: It is the business of selling. But what it is in the business of selling is you and your students. You are the product being sold. Who are you be ing sold to? Youre being sold to an advertiser. It is the advertiser who is the consumer in this equation. The advertiser is buying you. The advertiser is buying you from the broadcaster. And why the advertiser is buying you is because he wants you to look at his message; his billboard, his magazine ad, and in this instance, his TV commercial. But in any study of advertising and advertising effects it is difficult to agree on what are clearly examples of advertising and what are clearly not. This is more difficult to do than it seems. Television is an excellent example of why this is so difficult in their attempt to influence purchasing decisions. He writes that the sole purpose of the television programs between the commercials is to act as an attention getting device. The scripts are written to build tension before the commercial to hold the viewers attention during the commercial. He writes that once they have that attention, what is the advertiser trying to sell you? Products? No. Hes trying to sell you a religion. What is it? Its the philosophy known as materialism. If you watch television closely, youll see that theres no real difference between the programs and the commercials. Indeed, if you turn on a television set you often cant tell what it is that youve just turned on. Is it a commercial or a program? Suppose you tune into a Hawaiian beach scene. All right, theres a big hotel in the background and palm trees and theres this brand new car on the beach and this couple strolling across the beach. Now you dont know whether thats going to turn out to be a scene of one of these cops-and-robbers programs or whether its a commercial. It is even more important to note, however, that you dont know what its going to be a commercial for. Thats because every commercial is a commercial for all products. Most of us are aware of the huge amount of sophisticated research generated by the advertising industry to refine its persuasion techniques. We even feel comfor table admidst our advertisement-plagued society. Although subliminal advertising may be effective, the most difficult factor is relaying the message to possible consumers. Such advertising techniques include flash messaging, buzz words, celebrity endorsements, emotion targeting, fear and the oh-so common bandwagon method. .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 , .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 .postImageUrl , .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 , .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46:hover , .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46:visited , .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46:active { border:0!important; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46:active , .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46 .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u212b05ece63153bb064308bfb459af46:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Masque Of The Red Death Essay We will write a custom essay on Subliminal Influence In Advertising specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Flash messaging is a common technique where a viewer is influenced by quick images and messages for a very short period of time. The subconscious registers this almost like it never occurred. All of this is pleasing to the eye; flashy colour, or a picture with a sexual innuendo. Another factor would be KISS (Keep It Sweet Simple). All of these affect the success of the ad and the final result for the product at hand. A more cunning way to influence the buyer is to target your emotions. To question yourself is most successful for an advertiser. Although seeing sick hungry children living in a run down village in some 3rd world country may lead to your donating money, there are some ethics involved in purposely tampering with ones emotions. Through all of this, this method of persuasion is most effective. A technique usually described as using buzz words is found more in prints than on television or radio. If we are scrolling through a newspaper and we see an exciting flashy word, our eyes tend to draw towards it. Companies are entirely aware of this, so that is why they flash words on their ads like, FREE, NEW, HURRY. Something about these words makes the reader want to see what the fuss is all about, and to read the companys ad. Not always will there be buzz words embedded into the ad that look flashy. They may not have any significant meaning, but they are added in and seem successful in relaying the message. Words like, homemade, improved, 100%, tasty, and the list goes onEndorsements by celebrities have through the years lost their edge and have mostly looked down upon the endorser. Michael Jordan is selling you Gatorade, Jerry Seinfeld is backing up American Express, and Paul Reiser wants you to use AT;T. The purpose is to subliminally give the product traits that it never even deserves, like wealth, fame, and success. When Michael Jordan is seen drinking Gatorade and then going for a 360-slam dunk, the company wants you to think that you as well are capable of the same feats. Besides the less obvious, there is simply the fact that a company wants a famous celebrity to present a product, rather than some common person. Everybody else is doing it, so why arent you? Using the bandwagon technique for many already established corporations has been quite successful. Companies that have already achieved marvelous success will start using advertisements, suggesting it is second nature to buy the product. As if it had such a high demand rate that without it, life would be dysfunctional. For instance, the new saying from McDonalds is, Did somebody say McDonalds? There is so much behind that quote than what it actually says. It gives you the idea that they are the best, the tastiest, and the most popular, without really even telling you without being up front about it. McDonalds knows that they are successful, so they do not need some cheap gimmick to sell their food, all they have to do is be there, and the people will flock. The Fear technique, where they inform the consumer that not purchasing a certain product will be disastrous on your own self. This technique targets the most primitive emotion; fear. Mostly used on people that are uncomfortable with their self, insecure and believe that they need some personal improving. The most known method would be the BEFORE/AFTER scene, where there is a comparison between an obviously terrible picture and a beautified picture. As Nicholas Johnson indicated, TV sells the great religion known as materialism (p.157). In the media, product acquisition and consumption equate to good health, success, exultation, enchantment, moral righteousness, ethical certainty, trust, faith, superiority, coolness, freedom, liberty, self-esteem, confidence, democracy, etc; quite simply, the most any human could ever hope to attain and more. And ownership is only part of the equationconsumption of the product counts more; and, the acquisition of the product counts even more manifestly. In fact, to attain an even greater sense of good health, success, high standards, moral righteousness, ethical certainty, coolness, self-esteem, confidence, fulfillment, meaning, and absolute purposefulness in life. A person needs only to borrow the money or charge the purchaseThe subliminal advertising effect is probably the most difficult aspect of any study of advertising. The extent of this influence probably cannot be measured. Many componen ts can be analyzed to discover possible effects on human attitudes and behavior, but none can be for certain. .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 , .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 .postImageUrl , .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 , .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422:hover , .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422:visited , .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422:active { border:0!important; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422:active , .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422 .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc8f304b9ae09cf84991daf6b61962422:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Symbols Of Christian Art In The Middle Ages EssayWe need to divide the concept advertising into small parts or components in order to analyze that effect. Possible narrow components include: non-verbal communication by models in television commercials, speech tones and its effect in radio commercials, or subliminal words and/or symbols in magazine advertisementsOur way of life involves a lot more than anyone wants to believe. The need for developing individual awareness of the power of advertising is increasing, but it seems that what we consciously perceive of our world is constantly decreasing. The brain has to sort through the overwhelming amount of sensory input data a nd consciously acknowledge only what it deems important or necessary for our immediate survival. Oftentimes our defense mechanisms even keep us from consciously acknowledging data that is necessary for our survival such as piercing through to the message conveyed in subliminal advertising. Even as we are aware of the nature of perceiving, subliminal symbols and/or words in magazine advertisements are difficult to recognize when first attempted. Wilson Key has written, As a culture, North America might well be described as one enormous, complex, magnificent, self-service, subliminal massage parlor. In short, the effect that advertising (whatever this concept might include) has on human buying attitudes and behavior is of almost incomprehensible complexity. Psychology

Free Essays on Views On Society Through Novels

Views on Society Whether done intentionally or not, many authors’ beliefs and views are portrayed through their own text. Ideas of the author can be found subliminally throughout the compositions they write. Many authors use metaphors such as William Golding in Lord of the Flies, others are more blunt like Albert Camus in The Stranger, while some use their own knowledge and experiences to preach their views as Alan Paton did in Cry, the Beloved Country. Golding, Camus, and Paton use each of their novels to reveal their views on society. In Lord of the Flies, Williams Golding reveals his viewpoint on the savagery of society. Golding uses a group of young boys as a metaphor of civilization in the raw. The boys find themselves stuck alone on a deserted island and in need of the structure of society. They attempted to follow the â€Å"old rules† of laws and morals by electing two leaders, one to provide food and the other to provide hope for rescue. As they begin to form a hierarchy, conflicts arise and principles are compromised. â€Å"Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw. Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law.† (Golding) This is the beginning of the corruption in a society which initially held hope. Rodger is pushing the boundaries that had once limited him in his old life. Evil has begun to invade and savagery is taking over. This is Golding’s premise of what will happen to society without strong, moral leadership. The boys are presented with the option of a leader who promises immediate gratification by providing food, or a leader who focuses on future need for society and rescue. As savagery takes over and anarchy sets in, Piggy is murdered. Golding uses Piggy’s death as a milestone ... Free Essays on Views On Society Through Novels Free Essays on Views On Society Through Novels Views on Society Whether done intentionally or not, many authors’ beliefs and views are portrayed through their own text. Ideas of the author can be found subliminally throughout the compositions they write. Many authors use metaphors such as William Golding in Lord of the Flies, others are more blunt like Albert Camus in The Stranger, while some use their own knowledge and experiences to preach their views as Alan Paton did in Cry, the Beloved Country. Golding, Camus, and Paton use each of their novels to reveal their views on society. In Lord of the Flies, Williams Golding reveals his viewpoint on the savagery of society. Golding uses a group of young boys as a metaphor of civilization in the raw. The boys find themselves stuck alone on a deserted island and in need of the structure of society. They attempted to follow the â€Å"old rules† of laws and morals by electing two leaders, one to provide food and the other to provide hope for rescue. As they begin to form a hierarchy, conflicts arise and principles are compromised. â€Å"Roger gathered a handful of stones and began to throw them. Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he dare not throw. Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life. Round the squatting child was the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law.† (Golding) This is the beginning of the corruption in a society which initially held hope. Rodger is pushing the boundaries that had once limited him in his old life. Evil has begun to invade and savagery is taking over. This is Golding’s premise of what will happen to society without strong, moral leadership. The boys are presented with the option of a leader who promises immediate gratification by providing food, or a leader who focuses on future need for society and rescue. As savagery takes over and anarchy sets in, Piggy is murdered. Golding uses Piggy’s death as a milestone ...

Evaluating Transaction Exposures and Hedging Solutions Essays

Evaluating Transaction Exposures and Hedging Solutions Essays Evaluating Transaction Exposures and Hedging Solutions Paper Evaluating Transaction Exposures and Hedging Solutions Paper General problem statement In an effort to meet the demand of the Vietnamese alluding materials market, Construction and Materials Trading Company is involved greatly in the international trade. Profit from materials trading makes up approximately 75 percent of CENTs total profit. In CENT company, the imports of Steel such as Steel Beams, Steel Plate, Steel Sheet Often create account payable in foreign currency (US dollar) with the suppliers. The sales of these commodities often create account receivables in home currency (VEND) with domestic buyers. Therefore, the company suffers from transaction risks during its steel trading process from the beginning of the purchase made until the moment is settled. According to CENTs management, the transaction exposure loss rarely happens, and is considered insignificant because the State Bank of Vietnam uses many mechanisms to support stability tot the VEND/USED exchange rate. Therefore, there were only minor transactions, which were hedged in the past The hedging strategy used is only limited with the price decisions tool. However, it is a necessary task for the company to design a flexible hedging strata% with different hedging tools. A proper hedging strategy can help the company to deal with the risk of exchange rate volatility in different stages of the economic cycle. Thus, the research would like to analyze other currency hedging tools which are possible to implement at CENT company, and design a suitable hedging strategy for the company for the long-term. There are two aspects of the research problem: I. The influences Of Vietnam dong fluctuation against US dollar to the accounts payable of CENT over the last five years. 2. Determine which hedging tools are available for the company, and design a suitable hedging strategy for the company for the long-term. 2. Research objectives A company is subject to transaction exposure whenever there are achievable or payable in foreign currency denominations. The hedging concept in managing transaction exposure is to be able to reduce the risk from currency fluctuations. In the end, the research will be performed as an input for further improvement at CENT. According to that, the research Objectives Of this thesis are: 1. Acknowledgement of how CENT handle transaction exposure derived from the foreign exchange rate fluctuations Of Vietnam dong against LIST dollar currency. 2. Study the hedging strategies available which CENT may possibly implement to reduce risks from the exchange rate fluctuations. 3. Provide alternative choices or CENT hedging strategies in managing transaction exposures. 3. Scope of the thesis The thesis aims to identify the effect of foreign exchange fluctuation on the profit of some Steel import contracts of Construction and Material Trading company. The timeshare of the study is limited to the last five years, starting with year 2006 and ending with year 2010, depending on the availability, and reliability of the data. In this thesis, the author only has allowance to show certain parts of information that was given why the company because it is confidential. The data are collected trot the Import- Export sales department No. F CENT company, and focuses on Steel import contracts and relevant documents. The foreign exchange rate used in this thesis is the rate offered by Vietnamese, not the foreign exchange rate in the black market, It is assumed that the company can approach the US Dollar source at banks. 4. Methodology The methodology used to accomplish the objective, is by doing a literature study, collecting primary and secondary data, processing the data, performing inductive and explanatory research, and analyzing the result. Literature study. o deepen knowledge about foreign exchange risk, and the overview of the Vietnamese foreign exchange market. Collecting data- From the reported data provided by the company, specialized reference books, information from newspapers, magazines, internet, and some research related to the topic. Processing the data- through these methods. Statistics by tables, charts, formula: statistics to find out common characteristics of analyzed factors, Comparison methods: compare the same kind of numbers to find the increasing and decreasing in each year, Methods of Experts: consult the experts. S. The organization of the thesis The thesis would be divided into three chapters which consist of: CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter explains theories Enid the analysis done in this thesis, the overview of the foreign exchange market, and the derivatives market in Vietnam. CHAPTER 2: RISK ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTION This chapter gives a brief overview regarding the company, detailed analysis of the transaction exposure in the last five years as well as the current hedging tool of the company. CHAPTER 3 DESIGNING HEDGING STRATEGY This chapter includes some available hedging tools, and long-term hedging strategy for the company and recommendations for the State Bank Of Vietnam to manage the derivatives market. CHAPTER 1- LITERATURE REVIEW 1. 1. Import 1. 1-1. Definition of importing Importing is the purchasing side of trade and takes place when one region acquires goods or services trot another region. Importing is linked with international trade and generally is distinguished from trade within a specific nation because importing involves government regulation. (Importing n. D. I The benefits and drawbacks of importing a, Benefits Many economists, businesses, and politicians continue to rely on the principle of comparative advantage and it still influences import theories and policies Consequently, countries continue to import products because they can obtain them less expensively abroad. In addition, given the technology, labor costs, government incentives, and subsidies of different countries, one country may be able to produce goods more efficiently than Other countries. Hence, Other countries Will seek to import these goods because of price and perhaps quality advantages. For example, Other countries import Robusta Coffee from Vietnam, While Vietnam imports Machinery from other countries such as Japan and China. Importing allows countries to achieve higher standards Of living by obtaining products and resources that cannot be obtained domestically. For example, in order or the Vietnam to maintain its standard of living, it must import petrol, since the country cannot produce a sufficient amount to satisfy consumer demand. B. Drawbacks Many economists and governments believe that importing goods can lead to the erosion of their national economies- especially when imports exceed exports. Importing goods poses other problems such as the tacit acceptance of social values that conflict with domestic values, Importing goods from countries that pay low wages, for instance, can cripple domestic industries that cannot compete because they have a minimum wage, obligations to labor unions, and 50 forth, Furthermore, importing cheap goods, especially textiles, from countries that force employees- even children- to work in sweatshop conditions overlooks the type of treatment of employees that many countries condemn. 1. 2. Foreign exchange market An exchange rate is a price Of one currency against another currency. The foreign exchange market is a market in which national currencies are bought and sold against one another. The foreign exchange market is an over the counter market because the market players are located in the major commercial banks around the world. The foreign exchange market comprises orientations among four groups of participants: dealers, brokers, customers and central banks (Morris Goldstein, 1993). Two fundamental types of the exchange rates (Gaur Agrarian, 2010) : D Spot exchange rate : This refers to the price of foreign exchange in terms of domestic money payable for the immediate delivery of particular foreign currency. It is an existing or day-to-day exchange rate. Forward exchange rate : There are several future transactions whose delivery would be made sometime in the future. The rates at which these transactions are consummated are called as forward rate of exchange. It is the rate fulfilling the agreement between two parties based on future delivery of goods. I Exchange rate determinants The exchange rate, just like commodities, determines its price responding to the forces of supply and demand. Therefore, if for some reason people increase their demand for a specific currency, then the price will rise, provided the supply remains stable and vice versa, Some of the factors that influence currency supply and demand are inflation rates, interest rates, economic growth, and political and economic risks. Furthermore, international parity conditions describe the core financial theories rounding the determination of exchange rates. This economic theory links exchange rates, price levels and interest rates together. The international parity conditions encompassed: Purchasing Power Parity (POP) 1. 3. . 1. Absolute Purchasing Power Parity In it absolute version, purchasing power parity states that price levels should be equal worldwide when expressed in a common currency. However, absolute Purchasing Power Parity ignores the effects on free trade of transportation costs, tariffs, quotas and other restrictions and product differentiation (Alan Shapiro, 2009) 1. 3. 1. 2. Relative Purchasing Power parity The relative version of purchasing power parity states that the exchange rate between the home currency and any foreign currency will adjust to reflect changes in the price levels of the two countries. Alan C,Shapiro, 2009) Formally, if ii and if are the rates of inflation for the home country and the foreign country, respectively; e is the home currency value of one unit of foreign currency at the beginning of the period; and el is the spot exchange rate in period 1, then 13. 2. Interest Rate Parity theory (RIP) According to interest rate parity theory, the runners if the country with a lower interest rate should be at a foamed premium in terms Of the currency Of the country With the higher rate. More specifically, in an efficient market with no transaction cost, the interest differential should be (approximately) equal to the forward differential. Interest rate parity holds when there are no covered interest arbitrage opportunities. According to Alan C. Shapiro, (2009) this no-arbitrage condition can be stated as follows: re: represents the nominal rate of home currency RFC: represents the nominal rate Of foreign currency FL :the forward rate at time O for delivery Of one unit Of foreign runners at time 1. 4. Foreign exchange risk and foreign exchange exposures 1-4. 1. Foreign exchange risk Maurice D. Levi defined foreign exchange risk as the variance of the domestic currency value of assets, liabilities, or operating incomes that is attributable to unanticipated changes in foreign exchange rates. By definition, foreign exchange risk depends on the exposure, as well as the variability of the unanticipated changes in the relevant exchange rate. Foreign exchange risk is related to the variability of domestic currency values of assets or liabilities due to unanticipated changes in exchange rate. (Maurice D. Levi, 2008, as cited in Thumbnail Caddish, 2009, up. 127) 1. 4. 2, Foreign exchange exposure Maurice D. Levi also define the meaning tot foreign exchange exposure. It is shown that exposure is a measure of the sensitivity of changes in domestic currency values of assets, liabilities or operating incomes to unanticipated changes in exchange rates (Maurice D. Levi, 2009, up. 283) Figure I Types Of Foreign Exchange Exposure Foreign Exchange Exposure Economic exposure Translation exposure Transaction exposure Operating exposure Alan Shapiro (2005) categorized foreign exchange exposure onto economic exposure and translation exposure (see Figure 1. 1), 0 Economic exposure refers to potential changes in all future cash flows of a firm that result from unanticipated changes in exchange rates. Economic exposure may further be classified into transaction exposure and operating exposure. Transaction exposure refers to potential changes in the value of contractual future cash flows, or monetary assets and liabilities, resulting from changes in the exchange rate. Operating exposure, on the other hand, represents the potential changes in the value of monetary or real assets and liabilities due to unanticipated hangs in exchange rates. Translation exposure is also knows as accounting exposure. It arises when items of financial statements that are stated in foreign currencies are restated in the home currency of an multinational corporation. Table 1. 1.Comparison of translation, transaction and operating exposure Comparison of translation, transaction and operating exposure Translation Exposure Operating Exposure Changes in income statement items and Changes in the amount of future the book value of balance sheet assets operating cash flows caused by an and liabilities that are caused by an exchange gains or losses re determined exchange rate change, The resulting by changes in the firms future exchange gains and losses are competitive position and are real. The determined by accounting rules and are measurement of operating exposure is paper only. The measurement tot prospective in nature as it is based on accounting exposure is retrospective in future activities. Nature as it is based on activities that occurred in the past Impact: Balance sheet assets and Impact: Revenues and costs associated liabilities and income statement items with future sales. That already exist. Exchange rate change occurs Impacts: Contracts already enter into, to be settled at a later date Transaction exposure Changes in the value of outstanding foreign-currency-denominated contracts (i. E, contracts that give rise to the future foreign currency cash flows) that are brought about by an exchange rate change. The resulting exchange gains and losses are determined by the nature of the contracts already entered into and are real. The measurement petrifaction exposure mixes the retrospective and protective because it is based on activities that occur rest in the past but will be settles in the future. Contracts already on the balance sheet are part of accounting exposure, whereas contracts not yet on the balance sheet are part Of operating exposure. Source: Alan C. Shapiro (5th). (2005) Foundations of multinational financial management (up,252) I Transaction exposures and managing transaction exposures 1. . 1. Transaction exposure According to Thumbnail Caddish (2009). Transaction exposure refers to potential changes in the value of contractual cash flows that arise due to unexpected changes in the foreign exchange rate. It is a measure of the sensitivity of the home currency value of assets and liabilities in foreign currency to unanticipated changes in exchange rates, According to Henry L _ Boneshaker (2002), transaction exposure arises from: 0 Borrowing or lending funds when repayment is to be made in a foreign currency. II Purchasing or selling on credit goods or services whose prices are stated in foreign currencies. C Being a party to an unperformed foreign exchange forward contract. I] Acquiring assets or incurring liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. 1. 512. Managing transaction exposures I _5. 2. 1. Identify the degree Of exposures After identified the types Of risk Which a company is exposed to, the next crucial step in a companys risk management session is the risk measurement. According to Southwestern Thomson Learning (2003), to measure the transaction exposure a company should project the net amount of inflows and outflows in each foreign currency and determine the overall risk of exposures to those currencies. (South,Western Thomson Learning, 2003, as cited in Yakima Nor Anis , 2008, pop) . 1. 5. 2. 2. Make decision on hedging the exposures The decision whether to hedge or not required a depth analysis. The company needs to consider to what extend a company are willing to take the risk, whether the company has the risk adverse attitude or not. The gains and losses should be compared with the existing exposure and the predetermined exchange rate budget, which has been agreed by the management. The companys level of certainty whether a specific event will occur or not also determine the risk management decision. A company can decide to do northing or to hedge its exposure. (Yakima Nor Anis , 2008, pop) I _5. 2,3. Choose a hedging technique 10 According to Alan C. Shapiro (2005), there are many techniques by Which the firms can manage their transaction exposure. These techniques can be broadly divided in to hedging techniques and operational techniques. Hedging refers to taking an offsetting position in order to lock in the home currency value for the currency exposure, eliminating the risk arising from changes in the exchange rate. The important hedging techniques are forwards/futures. Money market hedges. Options and swaps. Operational techniques include exposure netting leading and lagging and currency of invoicing. Figure 1. 2- Hedging techniques to manage transaction exposure Managing transaction exposure Hedging techniques Operational techniques Netting and offsetting Currency of invoicing Leading and lagging Forwards and future Money market hedge Swaps Options 1. 5. 2. 3. 1. Hedging techniques The Derivatives Market is meant as the market where exchange Of derivatives takes place. Derivatives are one type Of securities whose price is derived from the underlying assets. And value of these derivatives is determined by the fluctuations in the underlying assets. These underlying assets are most commonly stocks, bonds, currencies, interest rates, commodities and market indices. The Derivatives can be classified as Future Contracts, Foamed Contracts, Options, Swaps and Credit Derivatives. (Meaning Derivatives Market, n. D. . (i) Forward The forward market involves contracting today for the future purchase or sale of foreign exchange. Forward contact is a legally binding agreement between two parties calling for the sale of an asset or product in the future at a price agreed upon today. The forward contract cannot be traded in the stock exchange but they are traded among financial institutions or between financial institutions and its clients. Forward contract is tailor made on its currency rate, delivery date and the amount involved which is negotiated by the party involved in the contract. The forward contract value is equal zero but the future rate is changing and the livery price is fixed. Therefore, there is a possibility for gain or losses realized on the settlement date from the exchange rate fluctuation. Awkward contacts are the most common means of hedging transactions in foreign currencies because Of its simplicity. The trouble With forward contracts, however, is that they require future performance, and sometimes one party is unable to perform on the contract. When that happens, the hedges disappears, sometimes at great cost to the hedger. IIS Futures In contrast to foamed contract, a futures contract has standardized features on its contract size, delivery date, daily resettlement ND so forth. Futures are exchange trade which means traded on organized exchanges rather than over the counter. A client desiring a position in futures contracts contacts his broker, who transmits the order to the exchange floor where it is transferred to the trading floor. In the trading floor, the price for order is negotiated by open outer between floor brokers or traders. Futures recognized the gain and losses daily because its daily resettlement features. Frequently, a futures exchange may have a daily price limit on the futures price, that is, a limit as to how much the settlement price can increase or decrease form he previous days settlement price. Nevertheless, futures only allow companies to hedge approximately because futuresÐ’Â « standardized instruments on its contract size, delivery date and so forth, In addition, due to marking to market property, there are interim cash flows prior to the maturity date of the futures contract that may have to be invested at uncertain interest rates. As result, exact hedging would be be difficult. (iii) Option An option contract is a type of contract agreement which give the owner the right, but not the obligation, to sell or buy underlying asset in a redeeming price during a certain period of time in the future, A person who buys an option contract pays a premium to the options seller to compensate the ability of setting the floor or ceiling price decision. The option holder has the right not to exercise the contract it the market price moves outside the projected rate. There are two types of options, American and European. American option can be exercised anytime during the contract validity. European option only can be exercised at the maturity date, Option does not have standardized features and made according to the companys specific needs. Option also differentiated as: C Call Option, which is an option to buy an underlying asset, A company exercises the call option fifth spot rate is in the money position, in this case when the spot rate is bigger than the exercise price. Put Option, which is an option to sell an underlying asset. A company exercises the put option it the exercise price is bigger than the spot rate. In hedging using options, options with its premium is considered more expensive because of its flexibility in the tailor made value. Options are particularly suited as a hedging tool for contingent scofflaws, for example in bidding processes. (iv) Hedging with swap contracts A swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange a cash flow in one currency against a cash flow in another currency according to predetermined terms and conditions, to put it differently, a swap agreement requires periodic payments from one party to the other party in order to safeguard against unfavorable exchange rate movements. A firm Which expects certain cash flows in a foreign currency in the future may enter into a swap contract in order to hedge those cash flows against foreign exchange rate fluctuation. Currency swap are generally seed to hedge long-term transaction exposures. (v) Money market Money market strategy for hedging involved the investing and borrowing in the currency market. The company can invest in the loan in the short term investment such as buying securities or deposit in a bank. For example, a company hedges a receivable by locking in the value of a foreign currency transaction in the home currency and hedges a payable by locking in the value of a foreign currency transaction in the foreign currency. The implementation of money market hedge for payable is explained as below steps: C Define how much is the liabilitiessize t the due rate. C] Define the present value Of the payable With the foreign currency deposit interest rate, and then covert it to the home currency. Loan the money in the home currency, covert it in the foreign currency, and invest in the foreign currency deposit. At the due date, the deposit will cover the exact amount of the payable in the foreign currency. CLC The cash outflow at the due date is exactly the same amount as the loan plus interest rate a company had. Therefore, the company can avoid the loss possibility for the exchange rate fluctuation if the home currency depreciated against the foreign currency. The sot attractive feature from money market hedge is its liquidity.

Analysis of Toys R Us Case in Japan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis of Toys R Us Case in Japan - Term Paper Example As per Bank of Japan , the annual growth in the retail toy market in Japan grew 94% while GDP of Japan at an annual rate of 7% during 1970s. Further, toy market in Japan was ranked as the second largest in the globe trailing to U.S.A and in 1991; the worth of Japanese toy market was estimated at $7.1 billion. In 1991, about 29,413 stores were in operation in Japan and toy sales occupied a major share in their aggregate sales. Further, about 11,628 stores were exclusively dealt with toy, computer games and hobby specialty products. Further ,there were about 12,582 small general retail shops , about 2772 convenience stores , 1227 large toy specialty retail shops and there were about 500 bigger general stores, which had the significant share of their revenues comprised from the sale of toys. Toys R Us entry into Japan was well timed in corresponding with antisturctural restriction efforts by then Bush administration in U.S.A. Looking for positive PR , the Japanese government compelled t he regional government to soften the â€Å" Big Store â€Å" laws under which the present retailers in Japan could exercise the veto to the entry of a large retailer into their province. Toys R Us first store in Japan was established with an offer of more than 18,000 toy items as inventory located in 3,000 square meters, which was regarded as the best illustration of what has come to be labeled in U.S.A as a â€Å"category killer.†Ã‚   By establishing an awesome advantage, it was aimed to bar the competitors from establishing opposing stores before they started.... In 1989 , Toys â€Å" R† Us made its first attempt to enter into the Japanese toy market which was then controlled by small general retailers of tiny specialty stores .As per Bank of Japan , the annual growth in the retail toy market in Japan grew 94% while GDP of Japan at an annual rate of 7% during 1970s. Further, toy market in Japan was ranked as the second largest in the globe trailing to U.S.A and in 1991; the worth of Japanese toy market was estimated at $7.1 billion. In 1991, about 29,413 stores were in operation in Japan and toy sales occupied a major share in their aggregate sales. Further, about 11,628 stores were exclusively dealt with toy, computer games and hobby specialty products. Further ,there were about 12,582 small general retail shops , about 2772 convenience stores , 1227 large toy specialty retail shops and there were about 500 bigger general stores, which had the significant share of their revenues comprised from the sale of toys. Toys R Us entry into Ja pan was well timed in corresponding with antisturctural restriction efforts by then Bush administration in U.S.A. Looking for positive PR , the Japanese government compelled the regional government to soften the â€Å" Big Store â€Å" laws under which the present retailers in Japan could exercise the veto to the entry of a large retailer into their province. Toys R Us first store in Japan was established with an offer of more than 18,000 toy items as inventory located in 3,000 square meters, which was regarded as the best illustration of what has come to be labeled in U.S.A as a â€Å"category killer.† By establishing an awesome advantage, it was aimed to bar the competitors from establishing opposing stores before they started. (Johanson 2006:185).